2014年8月12日 星期二

10 Mind-Blowing Videos Every Entrepreneur Must Watch

In just a few minutes, a powerful video can help shape your life and chart the direction of your business.

Read more: http://www.inc.com/marla-tabaka/10-mind-blowing-videos-every-entrepreneur-must-watch.html#ixzz3AA1HL4VT

 
When executed well, inspirational, educational, and motivational lectures and lessons are extremely powerful. Why? Because they express what we know, recognize, feel, believe, think, accept, imagine, hope, fear, desire, acknowledge, and/or have experienced as a life truth. They help us to understand that we are not alone and offer the hope we all need to plow through life's challenges to achieve our dreams.
Today I gathered some of my favorite videos in the hope that you will find just the inspiration you need to accomplish your next great thing. Enjoy!

1. The Last Lecture

Dr. Randy Pausch had only months to live when he gave this powerful and uplifting speech. Yes, you read that right: It is uplifting. It's not a talk about death, but rather about how to live.
My favorite quote: "Don't complain, just work harder--you can choose to take your finite time and effort and spend it complaining,- or you can spend it playing the game hard."

2. The Power of Vulnerability

Storyteller/researcher Brene Brown studies human connection: our ability to empathize, belong, and love. This is a poignant, funny talk at TEDxHouston where she shares deep insights about vulnerability--something every entrepreneur needs to master--and her personal quest to know herself as well as to understand humanity.
My favorite quote: "There is only one variable between people who really have a sense of worthiness, love, and belonging and the folks who struggle for it. Those people who have a strong sense of belonging believe they are worthy of love and belonging."

3. Power of Introverts

Writer and lecturer Susan Cain offers powerful insights on the expectations placed on introverts in a culture that prizes social and outgoing personalities. You'll be pleasantly surprised with her research and discoveries that demonstrate the talent and abilities brought to this world by introverted people.
My favorite quote: "When psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people, what they find is that they are very good at advancing and exchanging ideas, but they also have a serious streak of introversion in them. This is because solitude is a crucial ingredient to creativity."

4. Coca-Cola Security Cameras

This little clip by Coca-Cola is a playful break to boost your confidence in mankind. It will also help to shape your perspective on how you market your brand. Notice that this promotion has little to do with the Coca-Cola brand and everything to do with touching and stimulating your emotions.

5. The Puzzle of Motivation

If you offer incentives and other traditional rewards for performance, you're doing it all wrong. Notable author and ex-chief speechwriter at the White House, Dan Pink, examines the puzzle of motivation and makes a case for rethinking how we run our businesses. He offers a thought-provoking idea for a new operating system for businesses that revolves around three principles: autonomy, mastery, and purpose.
My favorite quote: "So many of our businesses don't work. It's not a feeling, it's not a philosophy, this is a fact. Incentives dull thinking and block creativity."

6. How Great Leaders Inspire Action

Simon Sinek presents a simple but powerful model for how leaders inspire action, starting with a golden circle and the question "Why?" With examples including Apple, Martin Luther King, and the Wright brothers, Sinek will inspire you to connect with the "why" behind what you do.
My favorite quote: "People don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it."

7. Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are

Social psychologist Amy Cuddy shares a very emotional, inspirational life story in this video. You'll see evidence that body language affects how others see us and may also change how we see ourselves. Fascinating research shows how "power poses" can affect testosterone and cortisol levels in the brain, and might even have an impact on our chances for success.
My favorite quote: "Don't fake it until you make it, fake it till you become it."

8. The Top 10 Mistakes of Entrepreneurs

Guy Kawasaki shares surprising mistakes and misconceptions that you've probably experienced while growing your business. You don't have to run a startup to learn from this one.
My favorite quote: "The moment you take outside money, you have lost control of your company. Fifty one percent is an illusion of control; if you can't deal with that, don't take outside money."

9. The Greatest TED Talk Ever Sold

Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock has placed himself in difficult, even dangerous positions to examine societal issues in a way that make them interesting and entertaining. Here he dives into the hidden, but influential world of brand marketing on his quest to make a completely sponsored film about sponsorship. (And yes, onstage naming rights for this talk were sponsored, too. By whom, and for how much? He'll tell you.)
My favorite quote: "When you train your employees to be risk-averse, you're preparing your whole company to be reward-challenged."

10. All It Takes Is 10 Mindful Minutes

When was the last time you did absolutely nothing for 10 whole minutes? Mindfulness expert Andy Puddicombe will convince you that refreshing your mind for 10 minutes a day will impact your entire life. Meditation will help you gain a different perspective.
My favorite quote: "We spend more time taking care of our clothes and cars than we do our minds."
Thanks to a few of my favorite entrepreneurs for their input: Dan Schawbel, Rachel Luna, and Shawne Duperon.
What videos have helped to shape the way you think and succeed? Please share!
IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK
LAST UPDATED: AUG 11, 2014


Read more: http://www.inc.com/marla-tabaka/10-mind-blowing-videos-every-entrepreneur-must-watch.html#ixzz3AA1MA6ve
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2014年8月4日 星期一

75 Inspiring Motivational Quotes on Leadership

Leadership is lonely. No matter how big your team, sometimes it's just you--which means you sometimes need to look inside yourself for motivation and inspiration.
Or you can find personal inspiration from someone who has been there, done that...and done it well.
Here are some of my favorite leadership quotes. Tweet them, share them, but most important, use them to help you become an even better leader than you already are.
  1. "To handle yourself, use your head; to handle others, use your heart." Eleanor Roosevelt
  2. "The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires." William Arthur Ward
  3. "It's hard to lead a cavalry charge if you think you look funny on a horse." Adlai E. Stevenson II
  4. "Our chief want is someone who will inspire us to be what we know we could be."Ralph Waldo Emerson
  5. "Keep your fears to yourself, but share your courage with others." Robert Louis Stevenson
  6. "The greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does the greatest things. He is the one that gets the people to do the greatest things." Ronald Reagan
  7. "Only one man in a thousand is a leader of men--the other 999 follow women."Groucho Marx
  8. "Don't waste your energy trying to educate or change opinions; go over, under, through, and opinions will change organically when you're the boss. Or they won't. Who cares? Do your thing, and don't care if they like it." Tina Fey
  9. "Power isn't control at all--power is strength, and giving that strength to others. A leader isn't someone who forces others to make him stronger; a leader is someone willing to give his strength to others that they may have the strength to stand on their own." Beth Revis
  10. "Don't tell people how to do things, tell them what to do and let them surprise you with their results." George S. Patton Jr.
  11. "I have three precious things which I hold fast and prize. The first is gentleness; the second is frugality; the third is humility, which keeps me from putting myself before others. Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can become a leader among men." Lao Tzu
  12. "Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it." Dwight D. Eisenhower
  13. "Victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan. John F. Kennedy
  14. "Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things." Peter F. Drucker
  15. "You are not here merely to make a living. You are here in order to enable the world to live more amply, with greater vision, with a finer spirit of hope and achievement. You are here to enrich the world, and you impoverish yourself if you forget the errand." Woodrow Wilson
  16. "Example is not the main thing in influencing others. It is the only thing." Albert Schweitzer
  17. "Leaders must be close enough to relate to others, but far enough ahead to motivate them." John C. Maxwell
  18. "The mark of a great man is one who knows when to set aside the important things in order to accomplish the vital ones." Brandon Sanderson
  19. "Leadership is not about titles, positions, or flowcharts. It is about one life influencing another." John C. Maxwell
  20. "You have to be burning with an idea, or a problem, or a wrong that you want to right. If you're not passionate enough from the start, you'll never stick it out." Steve Jobs
  21. "A leader... is like a shepherd. He stays behind the flock, letting the most nimble go out ahead, whereupon the others follow, not realizing that all along they are being directed from behind." Nelson Mandela
  22. "Being responsible sometimes means pissing people off." Colin Powell
  23. "Do you know that one of the great problems of our age is that we are governed by people who care more about feelings than they do about thoughts and ideas."Margaret Thatcher
  24. "A leader is a dealer in hope." Napoleon
  25. "The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while they do it."Theodore Roosevelt
  26. "I don't see myself being special; I just see myself having more responsibilities than the next man. People look to me to do things for them, to have answers." Tupac Shakur
  27. "If you would convince a man that he does wrong, do right. But do not care to convince him. Men will believe what they see. Let them see." Henry David Thoreau
  28. "I cannot trust a man to control others who cannot control himself." Robert E. Lee
  29. "The day the soldiers stop bringing you their problems is the day you stopped leading them. They have either lost confidence that you can help them or concluded that you do not care. Either case is a failure of leadership." Colin Powell
  30. "Consensus: The process of abandoning all beliefs, principles, values, and policies in search of something in which no one believes, but to which no one objects; the process of avoiding the very issues that have to be solved, merely because you cannot get agreement on the way ahead. What great cause would have been fought and won under the banner: 'I stand for consensus?' " Margaret Thatcher
  31. "A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they don't necessarily want to go, but ought to be." Rosalynn Carter
  32. "There is a difference between being a leader and being a boss. Both are based on authority. A boss demands blind obedience; a leader earns his authority through understanding and trust." Klaus Balkenhol
  33. "You get in life what you have the courage to ask for." Nancy D. Solomon
  34. "In the end, it is important to remember that we cannot become what we need to be by remaining what we are." Max De Pree
  35. "We're here for a reason. I believe a bit of the reason is to throw little torches out to lead people through the dark." Whoopi Goldberg
  36. "A leader isn't someone who forces others to make him stronger; a leader is someone willing to give his strength to others so that they may have the strength to stand on their own." Beth Revis
  37. "Always remember, Son, the best boss is the one who bosses the least. Whether it's cattle, or horses, or men; the least government is the best government."Ralph Moody
  38. "If you really want the key to success, start by doing the opposite of what everyone else is doing." Brad Szollose
  39. "Give as few orders as possible," his father had told him once long ago. "Once you've given orders on a subject, you must always give orders on that subject." Frank Herbert (from Dune)
  40. "The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes." Tony Blair
  41. "Wisdom equals knowledge plus courage. You have to not only know what to do and when to do it, but you have to also be brave enough to follow through." Jarod Kintz
  42. "In a battle between two ideas, the best one doesn't necessarily win. No, the idea that wins is the one with the most fearless heretic behind it." Seth Godin
  43. "If you want to build a ship, don't drum up the men to gather wood, divide the work, and give orders. Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea." Antoine de Saint-Exupery
  44. "Remember teamwork begins by building trust. And the only way to do that is to overcome our need for invulnerability." Patrick Lencioni
  45. "No guts, no story." Chris Brady
  46. "Leadership is an action, not a position." Donald McGannon
  47. "Surround yourself with great people; delegate authority; get out of the way" Ronald Reagan
  48. "I cannot give you a formula for success, but I can give you the formula for failure, which is: try to please everybody." Herbert Bayard Swope
  49. "Show me the man you honor and I will know what kind of man you are." Thomas John Carlisle
  50. "The challenge of leadership is to be strong but not rude; be kind, but not weak; be bold, but not a bully; be humble, but not timid; be proud, but not arrogant; have humor, but without folly." Jim Rohn
  51. "A man always has two reasons for doing anything: a good reason and the real reason." J.P. Morgan
  52. "If you spend your life trying to be good at everything, you will never be great at anything." Tom Rath
  53. "Average leaders raise the bar on themselves; good leaders raise the bar for others; great leaders inspire others to raise their own bar." Orrin Woodward
  54. "Don't blow off another's candle for it won't make yours shine brighter." Jaachynma N.E. Agu
  55. "Whenever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision." Peter F. Drucker
  56. "When you put together deep knowledge about a subject that intensely matters to you, charisma happens. You gain courage to share your passion, and when you do that, folks follow." Jerry Porras
  57. "A good leader leads the people from above them. A great leader leads the people from within them." M.D. Arnold
  58. "The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy." Martin Luther King, Jr.
  59. "The very essence of leadership is that you have to have vision. You can't blow an uncertain trumpet." Father Theodore M. Hesburgh
  60. "It is absolutely necessary...for me to have persons that can think for me, as well as execute orders." George Washington
  61. "When eagles are silent, parrots begin to chatter." Winston Churchill
  62. "A leader takes people where they would never go on their own." Hans Finzel
  63. "You don't lead by pointing and telling people some place to go. You lead by going to that place and making a case." Ken Kesey
  64. "A man who wants to lead the orchestra must turn his back on the crowd." Max Lucado
  65. Become the kind of leader that people would follow voluntarily; even if you had no title or position. Brian Tracy
  66. I start with the premise that the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers. Ralph Nader
  67. Anyone can hold the helm when the sea is calm. Publilius Syrus
  68. A great person attracts great people and knows how to hold them together. Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
  69. "My job is not to be easy on people. My job is to take these great people we have and to push them and make them even better." Steve Jobs
  70. People buy into the leader before they buy into the vision. John Maxwell
  71. To have long-term success as a coach or in any position of leadership, you have to be obsessed in some way. Pat Riley
  72. A good leader is a person who takes a little more than his share of the blame and a little less than his share of the credit. John Maxwell
  73. A good plan violently executed now is better than a perfect plan executed next week.George Patton
  74. Earn your leadership every day. Michael Jordan
  75. Success at the highest level comes down to one question: "Can you make the choice that your happiness can come from someone else's success?" No one has qualities like courage, vision, charisma, adaptability, and decisiveness in equal measure. But every great leader does make the same decision--and so can you. Jeff Haden (sorry, couldn't resist)
by 
JEFF HADEN | Columnist
Jeff Haden learned much of what he knows about business and technology as he worked his way up in the manufacturing industry. Everything else he picks up from ghostwriting books for some of the smartest leaders he knows in business.
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2014年7月25日 星期五

Good Book

催眠治療：

 1. Methods and Uses of Hypnosis and Self-Hypnosis, by Bernard Hollander. 1953年出版的『古書』，但比近年的大量新書，好上了不知多少倍，我不停的看完又看，買不買到，看你有沒有運氣了。(剛在Amazon訂了一本，打算送人)

 2. The Patterns of Hypnotic Techniques of Milton Erickson Book 1 & 2, by Richard Bandler & John Grinder. 我們的 Master Hypnotherapist 同學必讀的課本，要深入學催眠，不可不讀！(台譯中文版稱作『催眠天書』)

 3. Hypnotsim Today, by LeCron & Bordeaux. 另一本更古的『古書』，1949年出版，由艾克森Milton Erickson 賜序；越看舊書，越覺新出版的書藉根本沒有味道。 
NLP:  

 1. Magic of NLP Demystified, by Byron Lewis & Frank Pucelik. 不是一本一味只談一大堆NLP技術的書藉，她真的很清晰地解釋NLP的基本概念，包括了我相信很多 NLP Practitioner 甚至是 NLP Trainer 也攪不清楚的基本原則。

 2. NLP創立人Richhard Bandler及John Grinder 早期合著的那幾本書籍，全是好書，其中包括 The Structure of Magic, The Structure of Magic II, Frogs into Princes, Reframing:
Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Transformation of Meaning 等等，其餘大部份的NLP書藉，總是抄來抄去，毫無新意。
Coaching:  

 1. The Inner Game of Tennis, by Timothy Gallwey. 這不是一本教練學的專書，但她是教練學鼻祖 Timothy Gallwey 的第一本著作，有了這本有關網球教練的書，才有今天的教練學，不論你想瞭解的是個人教練，還是企業教練，必看！

 2. The Inner Game of Work, by Timothy Gallwey. 另一本 Gallwey 有關 Inner Game 的書藉，他把 Inner Game 概念直接應用在工作上，很不錯的教練學的間接參考書。 
Facilitation: How to make Collaboration Work, by David Straus. 這也不是一本直接教授輔引學的書藉，她談的是協作，但輔引學的目的不就是促成協作嗎？書中論及的五大協作原理，基本上就是五大輔引原理。
Systemic Thinking: The Fifth Disciplines, by Peter Senge. 她不是一本合整式思維的書藉，而是一本系統思維 Systems Thinking 的無敵應用參考書，但她卻是一本極為合適的合整思維入門書藉；她曾是暢銷書，雖然現在有點好像過氣，但她的內容絕不會落伍，不看是你的損失。 - See more at: http://www.keithto.ws/2008/07/blog-post_24.html#sthash.E6rrMURA.dpuf
by 
http://www.keithto.ws/2008/07/blog-post_24.html
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衝突處理的5種方式

衝突處理的5種方式



何為衝突？在牛津大辭典的解釋是人們之間對不同觀點或信仰的不同意見。在人們的共同生活中，衝突是一種司空見慣的正常現象，長期沒有衝突的關係根本不存在。凡是人們共同活動的領域，總會產生不同意見、不同需求和不同利益的碰撞。如何處理衝突，我們有五種選擇，迴避、退讓、競爭、妥協和合作。

我先用一個橘子故事來簡單解釋一下這5種解決衝突的區別。比如現在有一個橘子，你想要，我也想要。如果我不管不顧，搶先把橘子搶到，這是“競爭”方式；如果我考慮到你更需要這個橘子，故而把橘子讓給你，這是“退讓”；我們都不想爭，大家都不要這個橘子，這是“迴避”；如果我們把橘子掰開，一人一半，這是“妥協”；如果我們能坐下來共同探討為什麼想要這個橘子，原來我要吃橘子肉，你要的是橘子皮做糕點，這樣我們兩個人的需求都得到滿足。這種方式就是“合作”。

這5種處理衝突的方式就是著名的衝突管理的“托馬斯—基爾曼”模型。我們先來看看這5種競爭方式各有什麼特點:

用“競爭”方式處理衝突時，雙方各站在自己的利益上思考問題，各部想讓，一定要分出個勝負、是非曲直來。這種競爭方式的特徵是：正面衝突，直接發生爭論、爭吵，或其他形式的對抗；衝突雙方在衝突中都尋找自我利益而不考慮對他人的影響；競爭的雙方都試圖以犧牲他人的利益為代價來達到自己的目的，為了爭贏而不顧衝突帶來的後果。

和競爭方式相反的是“退讓”，是指在衝突發生時只考慮對方的要求和利益，不考慮或犧牲自己的要求和利益，把對方利益放在自己的利益之上，其行為特點為高度合作，不進攻，願意犧牲自己的目標使對方達到目標，儘管自己有不同意見，但還是支持他人的意見，為了維護相互的關係，一方願意做出自我犧牲。

“迴避”是衝突的雙方既不採取合作也不採取進攻行為，“你不找我，我不找你”，雙方迴避這件事情。迴避方式的特徵是雙方意識到衝突的存在，卻試圖忽略衝突，都不採取任何行動，不發生正面對抗。

第四種處理方式是“妥協”，衝突雙方都有做出讓步，俗話說“你讓三分，我讓三分”雙方都讓出一部分要求和利益，但同時有保存一部分要求和利益。其特點是沒有明顯的贏家和輸家，他們願意共同承擔衝突問題，並接受一種雙方都達不到徹底滿足的解決方案，所以妥協有一個明顯的特點就是雙方都傾向於放棄一些東西。衝突雙方的基本目標能達成，相互之間的關係也能維持良好，衝突能得到暫時解決，也有可能留下了下一次沖突的隱患。

“合作”方式是衝突雙方即考慮和維護自己的要求和利益，又要充分考慮和維護對方的利益，並能最終達成共識。合作方式的特點是衝突雙方相互尊重與信任，對於自己和他人的利益都給予高度關注，衝突雙方坦率溝通，澄清差異，並致力於尋找雙贏的解決辦法。合作的方式能使衝突得到完全消除。

從上面的介紹我們也許會得出一個結論，這5種衝突方法中使用“合作”的方法處理衝突是最好的，那麼我們所有衝突都有合作方法解決不就行了嗎。不，實際工作中的情況要復雜很多。採用合作的方法處理衝突，相對其他解決衝突的方法而言，需要花費的成本要高一些，他需要花很多的時間和精力進行溝通，討論，最好達成共識後才能採取行動，或許，在合作過程中還需要大量的財力物力，在這些條件不允許的情況下，使用合作是不現實的，在實際工作中，我們如何運用著5種解決衝突的技巧呢？

我們知道在工作中有些工作是重要的，有些事不重要的，工作的重要性有大有小，有緊迫的由不緊迫的。我們可以根據工作的性質來決定採取何種衝突的處理方法。


“競爭”，對於那些既有重要性又有緊迫性的問題，我們通常可以採取“競爭”的方式。每當一提起競爭，就會想到兩敗俱傷的結局，就認為是不好的，不可取的。其實並非如此，並不是在任何情況下採取競爭的方式都是不可取的。在有些情況下，競爭策略是十分必要的並且是行之有效的，甚至有些情況選還必須使用競爭方式：比如當處於緊急情況下，需要迅速果斷的做出決策並要及時採取行動；或在公司至關重要的事情或利益上，你明確知道自己是正確的情況下。例如公司為了提高公司業績需要在銷售部門推行銷售業績考核，不達標淘汰制度，這個制度能否貫徹執行下去直接影響到公司的能否在市場上生存下去，在推廣的過程中不管在銷售部有多大的阻力都要嚴格執行下去。

“迴避”是對那些既不重要又不緊迫的問題我們通常可以採取的方法。不要以為迴避就是不負責任，其實在工作中，有時候採取迴避會有意想​​不到的結果。在以下情況我們會採取迴避策略：衝突的事件微不足道，不重要也不緊急；你發現還不到解決問題的時機，收集信息比立刻決策更重要；衝突雙方都在非理性的情緒中；或者處理這個衝突會可能引發一個更大的衝突時。

“退讓”也是那些既不重要又不緊迫的問題我們通常可以採取的方法，選擇退讓並不是說明自己軟弱，或者是害怕對方，我們常說的“退一步海闊天空”就是指這種處理衝突的方法。採用這種方法有時更需要智慧和寬容心。在下面這些情況我們可以嘗試著選擇退讓：當別人給你帶來麻煩，但這種麻煩事你可以承受的，你明知道得到衝突的利益對別人來說比你更重要，維護關係的融洽比理性上的對錯更為重要時， 我們回想一下在我們的家庭生活中夫妻之間的衝突，很多時候為了保持家庭穩定，我們大多會採取退讓的方式來處理，因為這個時候對錯並不重要，良好的關係才是最重要的。

“妥協”是具有緊迫性但不具有重要性的問題通常可以採用妥協方式。當目標十分重要但過於堅持己見可能會造成更壞的後果；當對方做出承諾不在出現類似的問題時，當時間十分緊迫需要採取一個妥協方案時；當為了一個複雜問題達成暫時的和解時我們都可以採取妥協的方式

“合作”是處理重要但不緊急事件時應該採用的方式，合作需要事先的溝通達成共識，既滿足了自己的願望，同時也站在對方的立場上為對方的利益考慮。對以那些重要性很強，但不是特別緊迫的，有時間進行溝通的問題，必須採取這種策略。要達成合作的關鍵點在於雙方不再是衝突的對立面，他們能攜起手來，站在同一戰線上共同來面對他們遇到的問題。有了相互認同這個前提方能進行下一步的溝通，通過積極傾聽，提問，反饋這些溝通技巧找出衝突的根本原因和對方真實深層需求並努力尋找共同的利益點，創新性的尋找大家都認可的解決方案。

衝突是我們生活的一部分，我們大多數人都會形成自己應對沖突的習慣性處理方法。今天我們共同學習了5種處理衝突的方式，當我們再次面對沖突時，我們可以先停下來想一想，我現在處理的衝突是什麼樣的衝突，我的處理方式還有別的更好的選擇嗎?

發表於 2011年03月4日 由 週 靜守(Sophia)
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2014年7月15日 星期二

老師沒有教你如何「學會學習」？研讀TED創辦人Wurman的學習秘笈

關於教育，大家可能會立刻想到Ken Robinson超過二千萬點擊的‘How schools kill creativity’TED talk。如果學校殺死創意，老師又不喜歡讀書，學生如何能夠無師自通？學會學習？翻開金庸的武俠小說或許有所啓發，《射雕英雄傳》提到一位大內文官黃裳，遍讀道藏經書，無師自通，寫出震動武林的《九陰真經》。當時得令的郭靖，亦是透過修習《九陰真經》才成為一代高手。
來個「古中今外」的cross-over比喻，若然Ken Robinson就是當時得令的郭靖，造就Ken Robinson的TED創辦人或許就是黃裳。Richard Saul Wurman早於1984年創辦TED大會——雲集技術(Technology)、娛樂(Entertainment)、設計(Design)於一身的交流平台，影響力無遠弗屆。Wurman更是「資訊工程師」之父，精於從海量資訊提取真正有用的知識，凝煉成智慧。筆者在公共圖書館找到Wurman寫的《資訊焦慮》，驚覺這是「學會學習」的《九陰真經》。《資訊焦慮》成於1990年，卻完全無損其價值。資訊會過時，駕馭資訊的智慧卻歷久彌新。筆者反覆研讀這本奇書，嘗試運用此書組織資訊的原則，以「五篇十七式」重新排列，整理出「學會學習」的內功心法。
一、無知篇：你不知道的東西為何重要？
第1式：探險
一九五八年，Wurman初出茅廬、一無所知。他說動賓州大學人類學博物館館長，送他去最大最古老的馬雅城市古蹟。等到考古隊發現他什麼都不懂時，已經來不及把他送回去了。他在那裡學了五天，更待了長達半年的時間，學到人生寶貴一課。他相信親身面對困難、克服恐懼，能讓自己未來活得更自在。
第2式：成長心態
二十六歲那年Wurman開始在北卡羅萊納大學建築系任助理教授。他自知有二個選擇：傳授早已懂得的，或傳授樂於學習的。後者對他較具吸引力，再者他並不介意承認自己的無知，因此他選擇了後者。他的教學方法是根據求知欲望來定主題，抱持與學生共同成長的心態，而不是滿足於交通指揮式的單向灌輸。
第3式：探索知識邊界
古典的知識觀包括兩個部份：一是知其所知，一是知其所不知，二者合起來才是完整的知識。但在我們的學校和節奏急促的社會，我們只教導學生知道他們所知道的最小範圍，而不曾教他們知道知識的極限。結果嚴重抹煞了好奇心和求知慾。
第4式：問路
在Wurman的工作中，「通路」是最重要的觀念，他甚至把一家公司命名為通路出版公司。他所設計的指南為人們開啓了解城市、工作、運動、醫藥的大門。這些主題他都不専精，也因此他是最適宜寫這些主題的人。何以故？因為無知就是他的特長。別人認為太過淺白而羞於提出的問題，他都敢於提出。
第5式：擁抱失敗
今天的一個問題是我們沒有教育學生在逆境和挫敗中如何自處，總以為大家只須從成功中學習。結果人人只要求即刻的成果、速食的知識。Wurman常告訴學生，教育的功能就是要讓更多人經歷自我評斷之苦。
二、好玩篇：哪些資訊令人快樂？哪些資訊令人焦慮？
第1式：最緊要好玩
什麼是你真正感興趣的，什麼又是你認為你應該感興趣的。前者能帶給你快樂，後者則會讓你焦慮。尼釆《看﹗這個人》提到「防衞性消耗雖然微細，但漸成習慣後，積少成多，便成為完全不必要的嚴重耗損。」學以致用所得到的資訊源自興趣而非焦慮，因此常能培養長期的知識，而且會產生「知識為我所有」的重要感受。
第2式：條條大路通羅馬
你可以從一項興趣擴充成多項興趣，因此選擇一項興趣時大可不必那麼戒慎恐懼。不管你在哪個階段投入，到頭來你可以往更高深處鑽研，也可以觸類旁通，連結到其他興趣。
三、連結篇：如何活化沒有生命的資訊？
第1式：方便眾人使用
通路(access)的根本意義就是「使事物易於了解或應用」。假設你是坐輪椅的人，通路便代表斜坡、電梯和特殊的洗手間。別人能做的，你也能做；別人能用的，你也能用，這個能力就是通路；也可以說是運用資源的自由。
第2式：類比、串連與重新排列
新力總裁盛田昭夫：「在這個資訊爆炸的時代，我們每年所使用的資訊卻愈來愈少，同時我們取用資訊的能力也逐漸降低。」Wurman很少花心思去發掘新觀念，寧可多思索現有資訊是否有新的串連方式。所謂發掘觀念，就是將已知的資料重新排列組合，加以運用、類比，便可能發現新的資訊。
第3式：裝上不同的接收器
Carlos Fuentes:「現代文明最大的危機是如何將資訊轉化為有組織的知識。」唯一的方法是克服廣度的不足，讓資訊與資訊之間產生更好的連繫。人心好比收音機，裝上接收器後便產生新資訊。
第4式：對比熟悉事物
你能了解一項資訊，必然因為它與你原已了解的事物相關。一棟建築物必須前面有人或車子相對照你才能知道它有多大。數字只是資訊的一種象徵，除非拿來和你能理解的東西相比較，否則毫無用處。
四、組織篇：如何駕馭無窮的資訊？
第1式：切成小塊
Nigel Holmes認為要讓事實和數據有意義，關鍵是「把它切成一小塊一小塊，讓讀者能隨意挑一塊來吃。」
第2式：編輯原則
所謂的通路都是發掘出該主題特有的結構——最簡單的組織形式，讓讀者能找出他們感興趣的部份。Wurman編輯的指南通常採取用以下三項原則：
A) 學習接受自己的無知；
B) 關注問題甚於答案；
C) 永遠不要畏懼嘗試走相反方向的路去找答案。
第3式：常用組合
Wurman認為資訊雖無窮，架構資訊的方式卻有限。如何組織取決於你所希望呈現的內容，不同的組織方式自然導致對該資訊不同的理解。組織資訊的方法不出以下五類：
A) 種類——這種分類法適用於組織重要性相等的事物。通常顏色比數字適合用來區分不同的種類，因為數字本身即蘊涵有價值判斷的意味。
B) 時間——時間最適用於組織一定時段內發生的事件。時間是最容易了解的架構，不但可以觀察出其中的變遷，也有利於做比較。
C) 地點——當你要檢驗或比較來源不同的資訊時，選擇地點為架構是最自然不過了。
D) 字母——此一形式最有助於整理超大量的資訊。
E) 層次——此組織法是根據大小、昂貴程度、重要性等依順序排列。當你想要對某一資訊賦與價值判斷，譬如研究一產業或公司時，此法最為適用。
五、通識篇：在理想的學校，學生如何學習？
第1式：自行選擇
理想的學校應該像自助餐廳，你可選擇不同的盤子，拿菜的順序可以前後顛倒，吃的速度可以隨心所欲，甚至可以從頭來過。你盡可以先吃甜點，鄰座的人還可能和你聊天。你可以挑選一奇幻餐車，有人會建議你沙拉該配什麼菜合口。
第2式：從不同角度探討同一課題
我們對於整體的概念很褊狹。我們的教育體制是要把完整的知識區隔成各種學科。Wurman建議有些課由五個教授一起來講解一個題目。譬如說由物理學者、生物學者、地理學者、哲學家、數學家一起講解關於宇宙的知識。
第3式：以改變世界觀為目的
Wurman認為研習以下課題有助學生改變對世界的看法：
「學習如何學習」、「如何問問題」、「你要什麼」、「生命的一天」、「我們和螞蟻有什麼關係」、「時間的快慢」、「五分鐘界線」、「五哩界線」、「這是屬於你的新世界人物課」、「美麗的錯誤」、「在等待中觀察」、「讓媽媽聽得懂」、「事實與真理有別」、「擁抱淺顯之理」
「學習秘笈」總綱
《九陰真經》總綱首句是「天之道，損有餘而補不足，是故虛勝實，不足勝有餘。」起點在「虛」、在「不足」，「學習秘笈」異曲同工，起點在「無知」。
學會學習，由「無知」開始，透過發問、犯錯，學習「好玩」有趣的事物，透過比喻、使用及重新排列來「連結」資訊，選取最有效的方式「組織」知識，運用「通識」的不同角度跨越學科界線，提煉為理解世事萬物的人生智慧。

作者：唐文寶，小學老師，相信美德比知識重要，幫助學生尋找幸福之路。
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2014年7月10日 星期四

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - about learning

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality inventory that can also be used to describe learning styles. The inventory identifies and measures psychological type based on the developments in personality theory by Carl Jung.  All types described by the MBTI are normal and healthy.  Each person can use the types to help understand how he or she takes in information and how he or she makes decisions or comes to conclusions about that information.  Each preference has a one-letter abbreviation.  The four letters  then make up a person's type (see the charts below)
There are sixteen different MBTI types:
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